From Literati Elegance to Bureaucratic Malpractice: Shupa and Ritualized ″Systemic Corruption″ in Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

CHEN Xianchuan, WU Zhengchun

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Journal of Guangzhou University (Social Science Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (2) : 45-56.

From Literati Elegance to Bureaucratic Malpractice: Shupa and Ritualized ″Systemic Corruption″ in Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

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