01 March 2026, Volume 25 Issue 2

  

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  The Evolutionary Mechanism from Misconduct to Corruption from a Systems Theory Perspective

  LOU Gao, TIAN Xuemei

  2026, 25(2): 5-16.

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  By adopting the ″input-transformation-output″ analytical framework of systems theory and integrating it with a qualitative analysis of typical cases, this paper provides a full-chain, mechanism-based interpretation of the evolutionary process from misconduct to corruption. This process initiates with the input of diverse and composite signals of improper conduct and undergoes nonlinear transformation via three core pathways: progressive degradation under the ″broken windows effect″ and ″slippery slope″ theory; the bidirectional coupling between desire-driven motives and targeted ″hunting″; and the superimposed effect of ″institutional failure″ and ″absence of supervision.″ The ultimate output is not merely isolated corrupt acts, but rather a ″misconduct-corruption complex″ characterized by a high degree of symbiosis and covertness in terms of types, critical nodes, and means. Effectively advancing the integrated investigation and governance of misconduct and corruption requires a paradigm shift from fragmented perception to systematic integration, from end-stage punishment to process-oriented interruption, and from individual case investigation to the reconstruction of the political ecosystem.
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  Beyond Apparent Differences: On the Substantive Unity of the Proof Standards in Discipline Inspection and Supervision

  MA Wei

  2026, 25(2): 17-31.

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  The prevailing view in both theory and practice holds that disciplinary violations, administrative misconduct, and duty-related crimes should be subject to different standards of proof. This view, however, is in fact a misinterpretation of the relevant norms. Unlike evidentiary standards, the standard of proof in disciplinary inspection and supervision is intended to regulate the degree of evidentiary persuasion required to support a disciplinary conclusion, administrative sanction, or transfer for judicial proceedings. Within the integrated structure of the merged disciplinary and supervisory system, the standards of proof across these three categories of cases are substantively unified. Differences in normative expression are primarily based on considerations of the existence of external evidentiary review mechanisms in duty-related criminal cases and the need to ensure investigative flexibility in cases involving a single type of misconduct. The cognitive bias of ″tiered application″ in practice essentially misattributes the differences in proof difficulty caused by variations in constituent elements to a hierarchical structure of the proof standard itself. However, a unified standard of proof does not preclude the flexible adjustment of proof requirements and implementation pathways based on case types, thereby forming a structure that is ″unified in principle, differentiated in application.″ In the future, efforts should focus on evidence analysis, on clear distinction between evidence collection and proof activities, and on the development of disciplinary inspection and supervision work in accordance with the rule of law.
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  ″Party-Enterprise″ Adaptation: The Process and Mechanism of Party Building Innovation in Commercial Office Buildings

  FENG Jiaxin, XIONG Chengshuai

  2026, 25(2): 32-44.

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  Party building in commercial office buildings is an innovative initiative of the Communist Party of China(CPC)in emerging sectors. Existing researches, largely based on mid-level concepts of social theory, tend to interpret Party building as the result of policy practices under formal institutions, leading to a simplified understanding of the interaction process and relationship between the Party and society in party building work. Party building in commercial buildings, analyzed through the contextualist paradigm, constitutes a multidimensional process consisting of strategic alignment, practical expansion, and institutional succession. Within this process, the adaptive capacity of grassroots Party organizations serves as the key factor enabling mechanism innovation and achieving effectiveness in Party building within emerging sectors. In Party building in commercial office buildings, grassroots Party organizations creatively implement policies based on changes in the relationship between the Party and society. Through downward task delegation, grassroots Party organizations achieve the integration of action strategies and real-world situations; through the construction and deepening of relational contexts, they promote organizational integration while generating new institutional elements; and finally, through hierarchical interaction and information transmission within the organization, they elevate policy pilots to formal institutional norms. The practical process of Party building innovation in commercial office buildings provides a unique perspective for observing the adaptability of the CPC.
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  From Literati Elegance to Bureaucratic Malpractice: Shupa and Ritualized ″Systemic Corruption″ in Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

  CHEN Xianchuan, WU Zhengchun

  2026, 25(2): 45-56.

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  In the Ming dynasty, officials and gentry commonly printed books and presented them together with handkerchiefs as a refined Shupa phenomenon in social activities among literati. However, influenced by the prevailing bribery and corruption, this originally clean and elegant practice of exchanging books gradually evolved into a form of covert bribery in which gold and silver were concealed within the books and handkerchiefs. The transformation of book-and-handkerchief exchanges from a literati courtesy into an official malpractice profoundly reflected the complex interaction between traditional ritual and bureaucratic practice. Initially, the costs of Shupa were borne by the officials themselves, but over time, the expenses were shifted to the public under the guise of ″miscellaneous expenses,″ becoming an institutionalized means for officials to exploit the people. What distinguished Shupa from the ordinary bribery lied in the fact that it was not only tacitly tolerated by law but also disguised the essence of interest exchange through ritual convention. The Shupa phenomena reflected the degeneration of the traditional social idea of ″governance through ritual and law″ into a negative practice of ″collusion between ritual and law,″ where etiquette and custom became the institutional basis for rent-seeking, and interpersonal ethics were transformed into interest transactions under ″unwritten rules.″ This ″systemic corruption″ implied in Shupa was both a flexible way to maintain the interests of the bureaucratic group and an erosion of the foundation of ruling legitimacy, making it a typical example in the study of corrupt practices during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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  Rethinking Bureaucratic Narratives in Practice: Conflict and Interconnectedness Between Digital-Intelligence and Emotion in Grassroots Level Dispute and Conflict Governance

  HUANG Hongkai, ZHOU Zhenchao

  2026, 25(2): 57-68.

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  Digital intelligence empowerment and affective embeddedness have long been pivotal considerations in selecting governance pathways for grassroots-level conflicts and disputes. Existing research predominantly focuses on the rational dimensions of digital-intelligence integration in dispute governance, emphasizing bureaucratic systems′ adoption of modern digital intelligence tools, while insufficiently addressing personalized affective dynamics. This study reveals that although digital-intelligence technologies facilitate efficient administrative governance, they struggle to construct an affective society endowed with endogenous responsibility and moral consciousness. While the efficiency attributes of bureaucratic structures enhance the professionalization of digital-intelligence mediated dispute resolution, their inherent depersonalization tendencies engender conflicting manifestations in digital-affective relationships, thereby constraining the full realization of digital-intelligence governance efficacy. The functional limitations of bureaucratic systems necessitate the integration of affective elements throughout digital dispute resolution processes. Effective grassroots governance requires establishing interconnected digital-affective relationships through synergistic mechanisms. Accordingly, this research proposes a ″digital-intelligence + affect″ framework to cultivate new productive forces, activate affective resources in digital governance, and construct affective linkages in dispute resolution. This approach advances the coevolution of digital and affective governance functions, offering novel perspectives and pathways for modernizing grassroots dispute governance.
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  ″Design″ for Safety: The Logic of Grassroots Emergency Public Services

  MO Guifang

  2026, 25(2): 69-82.

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  Grassroots emergency public services are the fundamental guarantee for coordinating development and security. Existing research has predominantly focused on the subject relationships or supply models of public services, yet has rarely paid attention to the operational process and implementation mechanism of emergency public services from the ″design″ perspective rooted in modern management. Based on a case study of Community C in Xiamen City-which has established a national comprehensive disaster reduction demonstration community-this study indicates that grassroots emergency public services constitute a value co-creation activity that integrates risk prevention and emergency response. Under the combined influence of risk scenario pressures, diverse value tensions, and the impetus of technological transformation, this design-driven approach fosters an adaptive mindset among grassroots public service practitioners. Through interactive ″design″ of service needs among multiple actors, experiential scenario-based ″design″ of service consensus, and technologically enabled matching ″design″ of service processes, this approach promotes the dynamic construction of services from the identification of safety needs to the realization of emergency effectiveness. In response to the challenges of modern risk governance, the ″design″ perspective broadens the theoretical horizon of grassroots emergency public services and provides practical insights for enhancing grassroots emergency management capacity.
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  The Cognitive Ecological Positioning and Development Principles of Large Language Models

  LIU Weiwei, LI Min

  2026, 25(2): 83-91.

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  The widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised issues regarding the efficiency and fairness of machine cognition, as well as challenges related to value and ethics. As a result, increasing attention has been paid to the positioning of LLMs within the human cognitive ecosystem. The key issue lies in how to address the relationship between Large Language Models and human cognitive paradigms, culture, and society. The Large Language Models have not surpassed their ontological positioning as a human cognitive tool, but they have brought new possibilities for shaping the connotations of human cognitive tools. It is precisely because of the ″instrumental″ cognitive ecological positioning of the Large Language Models that we need to examine the ″economic″ principles of their development and application — namely how their advancement can be more efficient, and to consider whether their governance and distribution align with the principle of ″democracy″ — namely whether the use of LLMs is fair and just for everyone. Efficiency and democracy provide dual guarantees of ″dynamics″ and ″norms″ for the sound operation and coordinated development of the LLMs cognitive ecosystem. These two principles are both oppositional and unified. Namely, economic efficiency constitutes the premise and foundation of democracy, while democracy provides value orientation and soul for economic efficiency.
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  The Effects of Working Memory and Executive Functions on Learning Performance: A Case Study of Personalized Math Educational Games

  LI Jingwei

  2026, 25(2): 92-104.

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  Advancements in information and communication technology and computer graphics have facilitated the integration of adaptive personalized educational games into mathematics instruction to enhance students′ mathematical learning performance and mathematical abilities. Based on a single-group pretest-posttest research design, this empirical study employed a personalized mathematics educational game (Reflex^TM), which was designed to train basic arithmetic skills among lower-grade primary school students, to investigate how individual differences in verbal and visuospatial working memory capacity and in executive functions influence students′ mastery of mathematical operations. Findings indicate that visual-spatial working memory capacity, along with inhibitory control and task-shifting abilities within executive function, serve as significant predictors of mathematical performance gains in the game. Specifically, learners with higher visual-spatial working memory capacity demonstrated superior performance and accelerated improvement in mathematical operations within the personalized math game. Furthermore, learners with stronger task tracking, interference resistance, and task-strategy switching abilities were more likely to benefit from math games. Unlike previous studies, this research separately measured distinct components of working memory capacity and executive functions which influence the academic achievement, demonstrating the significant predictive role of visual-spatial working memory, task-shifting ability, and inhibitory control in young learners′ math game performance. These findings offer important implications for expanding understanding of individual cognitive abilities and their specific functions, refining researches on the components of working memory and executive function, and informing mathematics education practices and the design and development of math games.
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  Technological Writing of Emotion in Online Literature in the Digital Age

  LIU Huihui

  2026, 25(2): 105-114.

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  In the digital age, the emotional narratives of online literature are inextricably intertwined with technological thinking, with their writing logic subtly aligned with the operational logic of technology. Through technological mediation, online literature′s emotional discourse transforms emotions into identifiable, controllable, and operable entities. ″Identifiability″ is manifested in the typification of emotional categories, the quantification of emotional intensity, and the labeling of emotional conflicts. ″Controllability″ refers to the tendency in recent years toward depassioned and risk-averse emotional relationships in online literary writing. Accordingly, the narrative impetus of the novels has changed from love to growth and then to survival, and the protagonists in the stories have also transformed into ruthless ″supermen″ who can obtain the true love of others. ″Operability″ lies that the online literature provides readers with instant emotional feedback experience and open emotional adaption space. Authors and readers join in the production of online literature, yet this co-production is accompanied by emotions that frequently cross ethical boundaries and prove difficult to regulate. Therefore, the technological writing of emotions in online literature demonstrates the dual influence of capital logic and technological discipline on literature in the digital age. However, within the interstices of these constraints literature tenaciously preserves its dignity and resistant potential as a real vessel of human emotions.
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  The Literary Interpretation Path from the Perspective of Digital Humanities: Body and Data

  YIN Qian

  2026, 25(2): 115-130.

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  With the expanding influence of digital humanities within Chinese academia, literary studies are increasingly conceived as an integrated structure comprising the bit world, the atomic world, and the world of consciousness. Within this triadic framework, ″body″ and ″data″ have become crucial elements for reconfiguring interpretive approaches to literature. The ″body″ is understood both as the unity of the conscious and physical subject and as an operational manifestation of the ″intelligent body″ shaped by digital technological environments. As the key mediator linking the bit world with the realm of consciousness, the body contributes to meaning-making through interaction, operational choices, and perception, such that the textual world within the bit-symbolic system generated by digital interfaces is continually produced and reshaped through embodied engagement. Furthermore, ″simulation″ constitutes a third mode of world-observation, providing an intermediary methodological framework between the literary existence of the atomic world and the literary data of the bit world. It enables printed texts of the atomic world to be transformed into digitized and datafied materials, and through algorithmic modeling, facilitates the investigation of the generative logics underlying textual temporality and spatiality. Within this paradigm, digital humanities tools permit scholars to conduct cross-world simulation studies, while digital preservation and dissemination offer important pathways for literary interpretation. Meanwhile, ″distance″ as a critical condition for knowledge production, assumes heightened significance in literary interpretation, algorithmic criticism, and algorithmic aesthetics in the digital era.
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  The Evolution of Chinese-Western Comparative Literature Methodologies: Discontinuity, Continuity, Transition, and Innovation

  LU Xiaopeng

  2026, 25(2): 131-139.

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  The evolution of East-West comparative literature methodologies reflects a shift from traditional comparative poetics to diverse theoretical frameworks. The rise of postcolonial theory has led scholars to critically reflect on the influences of colonialism and capitalism within comparative literature research, highlighting the power imbalances and cultural biases in East-West literary exchanges. The introduction of world literature and world systems theory emphasizes the global circulation of literary works and their complex cross-cultural interactions, while broadening the horizons of comparative literature to encompass non-Western literary traditions and multicultural literary phenomena. However, as it moves toward more diversified methodologies, East-West comparative literature continues to confront challenges posed by cultural inequality and global power structures. The pursuit of genuine cultural equality and academic inclusiveness within this dialogue remains a critical concern in the field.
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  Writing of Post-War Returning Hometown and the Issue of ″Rural Demobilization″

  BAO Qifei

  2026, 25(2): 140-150.

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  After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the large-scale writing of returning hometown revealed the problems of ″erosion″ and ″cleansing″ of the rural society, which constituted an intertext with Fei Xiaotong′s theory of ″rural demobilization″. The returnees viewed returning home as a way to ″redeem″ the war trauma and hoped to return to normal life. But the war-ravaged hometown was confronted with hunger, manpower depletion, and the dark corruption of grassroots politics, and the institutions which maintained integrity had been destroyed. Faced with the ″damaged″ hometown, the inability of the returnees exposed the suspicious experience of the Anti-Japanese War and their own existing problems. Most returnees were not only unable to reconstruct their hometown, but even found it difficult to recognized and articulate their hometown, and finally had to leave their hometown again. However, this departure was not a farewell; the overt or covert narratives of returning home with glory revealed the possibility that those who crossed the boundaries between their hometown and the outside world would return and liberate their hometown. The writing of returning home after the war has reversed the narrative tradition of returning home in New Literature and reconstructed the relationship between people and their hometown: the hometown was no longer a shackle or a refuge, but a driving force for postwar intellectuals to review modern western civilization, promote the growth of subjects and achieve literary transcendence, and returning home has also become a possible path for rural demobilization.
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  The Intertextuality Study of ″Seventeen-Year″ Classical Literature Research and ″Ancient Literati Novels″ —A Case Study of ″Discussion on Li Qingzhao″ and the Novel ″Li Qingzhao″

  TANG Lei

  2026, 25(2): 151-160.

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  During the 1960s, amid a surge of enthusiasm for historical-themed writing, a series of novels emerged that took ancient literati as their subjects. To some extent,these novels could be viewed as derivatives of academic discussions on classical literature during this period. As an ″echo″ of the research, novels often made new explorations in academic debates that were not yet fully explored, and their underlying meaning pointed to some key issues in the Seventeen-Year academic field, including issues of human nature versus class nature and the relationship between literature and politics. The ″Li Qingzhao discussion″ initiated in the classical literature circles around the 1960s and the creation of the contemporary novel Li Qingzhao served as an example. An intertextual interpretation of the classical literary research and the creation of ″ancient literati novels″ will reveal an alternative literary ecology of the ″Seventeen-Year″ literature.